How does nuclear fusion differ from nuclear fission?

Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission are two types of nuclear reactions that release energy, but they differ in their processes, advantages, and challenges.

Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear fusion is the process of combining two light atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus. This process releases a large amount of energy and is the reaction that powers the sun. Fusion reactions require high temperatures and pressure to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged nuclei. One of the key advantages of nuclear fusion is that it produces no long-lived radioactive waste, making it a cleaner energy source. However, controlling the fusion process and sustaining it under practical conditions remain significant challenges.

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear fission, on the other hand, involves splitting a heavy atomic nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei. This process also releases a considerable amount of energy and is used in nuclear reactors to generate electricity. While nuclear fission is a mature technology with existing infrastructure, it produces radioactive waste that must be carefully managed. Safety concerns, such as the risk of meltdowns and nuclear proliferation, are also associated with fission reactors.

In conclusion, while both nuclear fusion and nuclear fission have the potential to provide significant amounts of energy, they differ in their processes, waste products, and challenges. Research and development efforts are ongoing to harness the advantages of fusion while addressing its technical barriers.