Legal Framework for Maritime Boundary Disputes

Maritime boundary disputes are conflicts over the delineation of boundaries between countries in oceans and seas. These disputes often involve overlapping claims to territorial seas, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), and continental shelves, potentially leading to tensions between nations. The legal framework for resolving maritime boundary disputes relies on a combination of international law, treaties, and arbitration processes.

International Law

International law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), provides the primary legal framework for resolving maritime boundary disputes. UNCLOS establishes rules for determining maritime zones, including territorial seas extending 12 nautical miles from the coast, EEZs up to 200 nautical miles, and continental shelves. Countries are expected to adhere to UNCLOS regulations in delimiting their maritime boundaries.

Treaties

Some maritime boundary disputes are resolved through bilateral or multilateral treaties between countries. These treaties outline the agreed-upon boundaries and rights of each party concerning specific maritime zones, helping to prevent future disputes and promote cooperation in shared waters.

Arbitration

Arbitration is another commonly used mechanism for settling maritime boundary disputes. Countries can submit their conflicting claims to an impartial tribunal, often established under UNCLOS or through ad hoc agreements. Arbitration decisions are binding on the involved parties and provide a peaceful resolution to disputes without resorting to conflict.