What are the main limitations to freedom of speech under international human rights law?

While freedom of speech is a fundamental human right protected by international human rights law, there are certain limitations and boundaries that exist to safeguard other important rights and societal interests. Some of the main limitations to freedom of speech under international human rights law include:

Hate Speech

Hate speech, which incites discrimination, hostility, or violence against individuals or groups based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation, is not protected under freedom of speech laws.

Incitement to Violence

Speech that directly encourages or provokes violence or unlawful actions is not considered protected speech under international human rights law.

Defamation

Defamatory speech that harms an individual's reputation or character without justification can be restricted under freedom of speech laws.

Legal Restrictions on Speech

There are certain legal restrictions on speech to protect national security, public order, or the rights of others, which may limit freedom of expression.

Overall, while freedom of speech is a vital right, it is not absolute and must be balanced with other rights and societal concerns to maintain a harmonious and just society.