What were the major religious reforms of Martin Luther and John Calvin?

Martin Luther and John Calvin were key figures in the Protestant Reformation, which sought to reform the Catholic Church and bring about religious transformation in Christianity during the 16th century.

Martin Luther's Reforms:

Martin Luther, a German monk, challenged the Catholic Church's teachings and practices. His major reforms included:

• Doctrine of Justification by Faith: Luther emphasized salvation through faith in Jesus Christ alone, dismissing the need for intermediaries like priests.
• Priesthood of All Believers: Luther believed that all Christians had direct access to God, eliminating the hierarchy within the church.
• Sola Scriptura: Luther advocated for the Bible as the ultimate authority in matters of faith, rejecting the authority of the Pope and traditions.

John Calvin's Reforms:

John Calvin, a French theologian, further developed Protestant ideas. His major reforms included:

• Predestination: Calvin taught the concept of predestination, where God has already chosen those who will be saved.
• Theocracy: Calvin established a religious government in Geneva, merging church and state.
• Reformed Worship: Calvin simplified church rituals, focusing on preaching and communal prayer.

Overall, Luther and Calvin's reforms had a lasting impact on Christianity, leading to the rise of Protestantism and the shaping of new theological doctrines, church practices, and religious beliefs.